JULY
/ TEMMUZ
2008
ISSUE / SAYI #127
Editor
Prof. Nezih OKTAR MD
Official Monthly Newsletter of the
Journal of Neurological Sciences [Turkish]
From
the editor
Mathematical brain tumor modelling
From a very recent patient's history of a malignant brain tumor progression revealed interesting MRIs, only 4 months of interval. Having some slight neurological symptoms a 52-year-old male patient underwent a MRI (Figure 1a), which was reported as normal. Only 4 months later when some rather prominent signs of hemiparesis and afazia progression has been detected, a new MRI taken from the same patient showed a huge malignant glioma on the left temporal lobe (Figure 1b).
Figure 1a. Normal MRI reported at January 30, of 2008
Figure 1b. Same patient's MRI at June 10, of 2008 revealing a malignant glioma with a considerable shift on the left temporal lobe.
The developmental biology subject of malignant glioma is rather challenging area of research. Recently a mathematical brain tumor modelling proposed as a new research tool in neurooncology.
You may watch Swanson's proposed mathematical modeling on brain tumor from the following URL:
http://www.pathology.washington.edu/research/labs/swanson
Swanson, a student in applied mathematics, has been studying gliomas--a type of brain cancer that lacks well-defined boundaries, making treatment particularly difficult. Her project has been to create a computer model that can predict how glioblastoma multiforme, which Swanson describes as "a worst case scenario of a glioma," grows and spreads in the brain. Her hope is that the model will eventually serve as a guide for treatment[1].
According to Swanson et al. the concordance between predicted (virtual) and actual survivals suggests that the mathematical model is realistic enough to allow precise definition of the effectiveness of individualised treatments and their site(s) of action on proliferation (rho) and/or dispersal (D) of the tumour cells without knowledge of any other clinical or pathological information [2].
Over the last 10 years increasingly complex mathematical models of cancerous growths have been developed, especially on solid tumors, in which growth primarily comes from cellular proliferation. The invasiveness of gliomas, however, requires a change in the concept to include cellular motility in addition to proliferative growth. In their mathematical model Swanson et al. concluded that the velocity of expansion is linear with time and varies about 10-fold, from about 4 mm/year for low-grade gliomas to about 3 mm/month for high-grade ones[3].
References
1.Swanson K: Predicting the path of cancer cells. A&S Perspectives. Summer 1999. WEB-LINK
2. Swanson KR, Rostomily RC, Alvord EC Jr: A mathematical modelling tool for predicting survival of individual patients following resection of glioblastoma: a proof of principle. Br J Cancer. 2008 Jan 15;98(1):113-9.
3.Swanson KR, Bridge C, Murray JD, Alvord EC Jr:Virtual and real brain tumors: using mathematical modeling to quantify glioma growth and invasion. J Neurol Sci. 2003 Dec 15;216(1):1-10.
4. Murray JD: Growth and control of Brain tumours In.:Mathematical Biology Vol 2:Spatial Models and Biomedical Applications 3rd Ed., Springer, 2002, pp. 536-605
Prof. Nezih Oktar MD
................Editorial in Turkish.................................................
Editörden
Matematiksel beyin tümörü modellemesi
Çok yeni olarak gördüğüm bir hastanın sadece 4 aylık aralarla alınan MRG tetkikleri ilginç olarak kötü huylu bir gliom gelişimi gösterdi. Ilımlı bazı nörolojik semptomları nedeniyle MRG çekimi yapılan 52 yaşındaki erkek bir hastada herhangi bir patoloji rapor edilmedi (Şekil 1a). Sadece 4 ay sonra hemiparezi ve afazi gibi nörolojik bulgularının ilerlemesi üzerine yeni alınan MRG tetkikinde ise aynı hastada sol temporal lobta büyük bir anaplastik gliom kitlesi saptandı (Şekil 1b).
Şekil 1a. Normal olarak rapor edilen MRG tetkikir 30 Ocak 2008 tarihli
Şekil 1b. Aynı hastanın 10 Haziran 2008 tarihinde alınan MRG tetkikinde belirgin itilme yapan sol temporal lobta anaplastik bir gliom kitlesi izlenmekte
Kötü huylu gliomların biyolojik gelişmeleri oldukça ilgi çeken bir araştırma konusudur. Son yıllarda matematiksel beyin tümörü modellemesinin bir araştırma aracı olarak nöroonkolojide kullanılması önerilmektedir.
Aşağıdaki URL adresinden Swanson'un beyin tümörleri için önerdiği matematiksel modelleme örneğini izleyebilirsiniz:
http://www.pathology.washington.edu/research/labs/swanson
Bir uygulamalı matematik öğrencisi olan Swanson, gliomlarla ilgili olarak çalışmaktadır. En kötü huylu gliom olan glioblastoma multiformenin beyin içinde gelişim ve yayılımını bir bilgisayar modeli ile araştırmaktadır. Bu modelin tedavide bir yardımcı yol gösterici araç olarak kullanılmasını ummaktadır [1].
Swanson ve arkadaşlarına göre diğer başka klinik ve patolojik bilgi olmaksızın tümör hücrelerinin yayılım (D) ve çoğalma (rho) etki yerlerinin tedavide tam olarak tanımlama ve etkileşmesinin matematiksel model sayesinde tam olarak gerçek ve tahmini (sanal) yaşam sürelerinin uyumu bu matematiksel modelin yeteri kadar gerçeği yansıttığını düşündürür [2].
Son 10 yıl içinde , özellikle solid tümörlerde olmak üzere kanser gelişimi ile ilgili artan sayıda karmaşık matematiksel modeller geliştirildi. Bu solid tümörlerden farklı olarak hücre çoğalması yanı sıra hücresel motilite artışı ile invasyon özelliği de olan gliomlar için ayrıca bir modelleme gereğini düşünen Swanson ve arkadaşları yaptıkları araştırmalar sonucu yayılımın bu tümörlerde doğrusal olduğu ve 10 kata kadar ulaştığı kanısına vardılar ve düşük dereceli gliomlar için 4mm/yıl, yüksek dereceli gliomlar içinse 3mm/aya varan büyüme hızı saptadılar. [3,4].
Kaynaklar
1.Swanson K: Predicting the path of cancer cells. A&S Perspectives. Summer 1999. WEB-LINK
2. Swanson KR, Rostomily RC, Alvord EC Jr: A mathematical modelling tool for predicting survival of individual patients following resection of glioblastoma: a proof of principle. Br J Cancer. 2008 Jan 15;98(1):113-9.
3.Swanson KR, Bridge C, Murray JD, Alvord EC Jr:Virtual and real brain tumors: using mathematical modeling to quantify glioma growth and invasion. J Neurol Sci. 2003 Dec 15;216(1):1-10.
4. Murray JD: Growth and control of Brain tumours In.:Mathematical Biology Vol 2:Spatial Models and Biomedical Applications 3rd Ed., Springer, 2002, pp. 536-605
Prof. Dr. Nezih Oktar
From "J Neurol Sci [Turk]" editorial
...............................................................................................
AWARDS
Louis Brus of Columbia University and Sumio Iijima of Meijo University in Nagoya, Japan, win the nanoscience prize: Brus for his work on nanocrystal semiconductors and Iijima for his research on carbon nanotubes. Maarten Schmidt of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and Donald Lynden-Bell of the University of Cambridge in the U.K. share the astrophysics prize for work related to quasars. And Sten Grillner of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, Pasko Rakic of Yale University School of Medicine, and Thomas Jessell of Columbia University are co-winners of the neuroscience prize: Grillner for spelling out how patterns of neuronal circuitry affect locomotion and Rakic and Jessell for work on how neurons develop in the embryonic brain and spinal cord, respectively.
From "Science"
From "Science"
Banking on Europe's Biobanks
Earlier this year, the European Union awarded €5 million to the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI), which aims to integrate Europe's existing biobanks into a single network. That's an important first step, says Frank Skorpen of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, cochair of ESF's expert group, but ultimately much larger sums will be needed. To attract sustained funding, says Kurt Zatloukal of the Medical University of Graz in Austria, coordinator of BBMRI, researchers need to estimate the economic impact of a pan-European biobank. "We need to quantify the potential return on investment."
From "Science"
Experts Revive Debate Over Cellphones and Cancer
By TARA PARKER-POPE
What do brain surgeons know about cellphone safety that the rest of us don’t?
Last week, three prominent neurosurgeons told the CNN interviewer Larry King that they did not hold cellphones next to their ears. “I think the safe practice,” said Dr. Keith Black, a surgeon at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, “is to use an earpiece so you keep the microwave antenna away from your brain.”
Dr. Vini Khurana, an associate professor of neurosurgery at the Australian National University who is an outspoken critic of cellphones, said: “I use it on the speaker-phone mode. I do not hold it to my ear.” And CNN’s chief medical correspondent, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, a neurosurgeon at Emory University Hospital, said that like Dr. Black he used an earpiece.
Along with Senator Edward M. Kennedy’s recent diagnosis of a glioma, a type of tumor that critics have long associated with cellphone use, the doctors’ remarks have helped reignite a long-simmering debate about cellphones and cancer.
That supposed link has been largely dismissed by many experts, including the American Cancer Society. The theory that cellphones cause brain tumors “defies credulity,” said Dr. Eugene Flamm, chairman of neurosurgery at Montefiore Medical Center.
According to the Food and Drug Administration, three large epidemiology studies since 2000 have shown no harmful effects. CTIA — the Wireless Association, the leading industry trade group, said in a statement, “The overwhelming majority of studies that have been published in scientific journals around the globe show that wireless phones do not pose a health risk.”
---read more---
From "The New York Times"
An interesting inter-net video concerning cell-phone and pop-corn!
http://video/telephone-portable-mais-popcorn.html
It is an hoax.
Physicist Debunks Cellphone Popcorn Viral Videos
YouTube videos that show a group of friends apparently cooking kernels of popcorn with their cellphones have been viewed more than a million times since they were uploaded last week.
The clever parlor trick (see embedded clip) looks amazing enough, but there's a hitch: It's not physically possible, according to University of Virginia physics professor Louis Bloomfield.
"[The videos] are cute," said Bloomfield in a phone conversation Monday. "But that's never gonna happen."
I'm sure that somebody, somewhere will believe what they see and use it as further evidence for the War on Radio Frequencies. We're more interested in just how this trick was really done. How do these guys get the popcorn to pop? A heater under the table?
-
QUANTIFYING JOURNAL COSTS
The real cost of communicating scientific research worldwide--including publishing, distributing, and reading journals--is about $115 billion, according to a report from the U.K.-based Research Information Network (RIN). Of that, $3.7 billion is spent in the form of time donated by peer reviewers. The figures are based on cost and salary information from publishers and libraries. The group concluded that the United Kingdom is more than doing its bit. It has 3.3% of the world's researchers, but they're shouldering 8.7% of the worldwide cost of peer review. And U.K. publishers put out more than 20% of the world's scientific literature.
The average cost of producing a scientific article is roughly $8000, RIN estimates, and there are limited ways of shaving costs. If 90% of their material appeared only online, publishers would save $2.1 billion on printing and distribution. And getting authors to pay for publication would save publishers and libraries $1 billion. The bulk of the overall price tag represents consumption: Academics devote an estimated $66 billion worth of their time to reading articles.
From "Science"
Brain's adventure centre located |
|||
Scientists have located a region of the brain that encourages humans to indulge in adventurous behaviour. Sophisticated scans showed the region, located in a primitive area of the brain, is activated when people choose unfamiliar options. The researchers believe this suggests that taking a chance is an ancient human trait that may have given humans an evolutionary advantage. The University College London study features online in the journal Neuron.
The research took place at UCL's Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging. Volunteers were shown a selection of images with which they had already been made familiar. Each card had a unique probability of reward attached to it and, over the course of the experiment, the volunteers would be able to work out which selection would provide the highest rewards. However, when unfamiliar images were introduced the researchers found that volunteers were more likely to take a chance and select one of these options than continue with their familiar - and arguably safer - option. Using fMRI scanners, which measure blood flow in the brain to highlight which areas are most active, the researchers showed that when the subjects selected an unfamiliar option an area of the brain known as the ventral striatum lit up, indicating that it was more active. The ventral striatum is in one of the evolutionarily primitive regions of the brain - suggesting that the process can be advantageous and will be shared by many animals. Lead researcher Dr Bianca Wittmann said: "Seeking new and unfamiliar experiences is a fundamental behavioural tendency in humans and animals. "It makes sense to try new options as they may prove advantageous in the long run. "For example, a monkey who chooses to deviate from its diet of bananas, even if this involves moving to an unfamiliar part of the forest and eating a new type of food, may find its diet enriched and more nutritious."
Potential for exploitation The researchers believe that making a new choice that turns out to be beneficial stimulates release of mood-changing chemicals such as dopamine, which make it more likely that we will continue to be adventurous in the future. However, the researchers said that making new choices was often a fruitful strategy and also potentially made us more vulnerable to exploitation - for instance by the advertising industry. Dr Wittmann said: "I might have my own favourite choice of chocolate bar, but if I see a different bar repackaged, advertising its 'new, improved flavour', my search for novel experiences may encourage me to move away from my usual choice. "This introduces the danger of being sold 'old wine in a new skin' and is something that marketing departments take advantage of." Professor Nathaniel Daw, now at New York University, who also worked on the study, said rewarding the brain for novel choices could have a more serious side effect. "In humans, increased novelty-seeking may play a role in gambling and drug addiction, both of which are mediated by malfunctions in dopamine release." Professor Seth Grant, of the University of Cambridge's Sanger Institute, said the ability to recognise novelty pre-dated the evolution of the striatum, as it had been identified in primitive invertebrates, such as the octopus, which do not have the structure. However, he said it was probable that the striatum had helped more sophisticated species, including man, to refine the ability. |
|||
It makes sense to try new options as they may prove
advantageous in the long run 
From "BBC"
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From "eScience News.com"
DOCTORS
WITHOUT BORDERS
|
From "Medecins Sans Frontieres / Doctors without Borders"
---------------------------------------------------------------
Cutaneous
fields of peripheral nerves
a graphical demonstration of the cutaneous fields of peripheral nerves.
http://www.neuroguide.com/nerveindex.html
From "Neuroguide.com"
------------------------------------------------------------
MOST CITED & FOR OUR READERS' REQUEST:
The
cell as animated by the Harvard University
http://aimediaserver.com/studiodaily/harvard/harvard.swf
This is an extraordinary animation of recently found citokines movements on actins and RNA dominating protein synthesis.
From "Harvard University"
------------------------------------------------------------
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