J.Neurol.Sci.Turk.JULY / TEMMUZ

 2008

ISSUE / SAYI #127

Editor 

Prof. Nezih OKTAR MD

Official Monthly Newsletter of the 

Journal of Neurological Sciences [Turkish]

 

 

 

 

 

 

195.gif (847 bytes) From the editor

 

Mathematical brain tumor modelling

From a very recent patient's history of a malignant brain tumor progression revealed interesting MRIs, only 4 months of interval. Having some slight neurological symptoms a 52-year-old male patient underwent a MRI (Figure 1a), which was reported as normal. Only 4 months later when some rather prominent signs of hemiparesis and afazia progression  has been detected, a new MRI taken from the same patient showed a huge malignant glioma on the left temporal lobe (Figure 1b).

 

Figure 1a. Normal MRI reported at January 30, of 2008 

Figure 1b. Same patient's MRI at June 10, of 2008 revealing a malignant glioma with a considerable shift on the left temporal lobe.

The developmental biology subject of malignant glioma is rather challenging area of research. Recently a mathematical brain tumor modelling proposed as a new research tool in neurooncology.   

You may watch Swanson's proposed mathematical modeling on brain tumor from the following URL:

http://www.pathology.washington.edu/research/labs/swanson 

Swanson, a student in applied mathematics, has been studying gliomas--a type of brain cancer that lacks well-defined boundaries, making treatment particularly difficult. Her project has been to create a computer model that can predict how glioblastoma multiforme, which Swanson describes as "a worst case scenario of a glioma," grows and spreads in the brain. Her hope is that the model will eventually serve as a guide for treatment[1]. 

According to Swanson et al. the concordance between predicted (virtual) and actual survivals suggests that the mathematical model is realistic enough to allow precise definition of the effectiveness of individualised treatments and their site(s) of action on proliferation (rho) and/or dispersal (D) of the tumour cells without knowledge of any other clinical or pathological information [2].

Over the last 10 years increasingly complex mathematical models of cancerous growths have been developed, especially on solid tumors, in which growth primarily comes from cellular proliferation. The invasiveness of gliomas, however, requires a change in the concept to include cellular motility in addition to proliferative growth. In their mathematical model Swanson et al.  concluded that  the velocity of expansion is linear with time and varies about 10-fold, from about 4 mm/year for low-grade gliomas to about 3 mm/month for high-grade ones[3].

 

References

1.Swanson K: Predicting the path of cancer cells.  A&S Perspectives. Summer 1999. WEB-LINK

2. Swanson KR, Rostomily RC, Alvord EC Jr: A mathematical modelling tool for predicting survival of individual patients following resection of glioblastoma: a proof of principle. Br J Cancer. 2008 Jan 15;98(1):113-9.

3.Swanson KR, Bridge C, Murray JD, Alvord EC Jr:Virtual and real brain tumors: using mathematical modeling to quantify glioma growth and invasion. J Neurol Sci. 2003 Dec 15;216(1):1-10.

4. Murray JD: Growth and control of Brain tumours In.:Mathematical Biology Vol 2:Spatial Models and Biomedical Applications 3rd Ed., Springer, 2002, pp. 536-605

 

Prof. Nezih Oktar MD

editor@jns.dergisi.org 

 

 

 

................Editorial in Turkish.................................................

195.gif (847 bytes)Editörden

 

Matematiksel beyin tümörü modellemesi

 

Çok yeni olarak gördüğüm bir hastanın sadece 4 aylık aralarla alınan MRG tetkikleri ilginç olarak kötü huylu bir gliom gelişimi gösterdi. Ilımlı bazı nörolojik semptomları nedeniyle MRG çekimi yapılan 52 yaşındaki erkek bir hastada herhangi bir patoloji rapor edilmedi (Şekil 1a). Sadece 4 ay sonra hemiparezi ve afazi gibi nörolojik bulgularının ilerlemesi üzerine yeni alınan MRG tetkikinde ise aynı hastada sol temporal lobta büyük bir anaplastik gliom kitlesi saptandı (Şekil 1b).

 

Şekil 1a. Normal olarak rapor edilen MRG tetkikir 30 Ocak 2008 tarihli 

Şekil 1b. Aynı hastanın 10 Haziran 2008 tarihinde alınan MRG tetkikinde belirgin itilme yapan sol temporal lobta anaplastik bir gliom kitlesi izlenmekte

 

Kötü huylu gliomların biyolojik gelişmeleri oldukça ilgi çeken bir araştırma konusudur. Son yıllarda matematiksel beyin tümörü modellemesinin  bir araştırma aracı olarak nöroonkolojide kullanılması önerilmektedir.   

Aşağıdaki URL adresinden Swanson'un beyin tümörleri için  önerdiği matematiksel modelleme örneğini izleyebilirsiniz:

http://www.pathology.washington.edu/research/labs/swanson 

Bir uygulamalı matematik öğrencisi olan Swanson, gliomlarla ilgili olarak çalışmaktadır.  En kötü huylu gliom olan glioblastoma multiformenin beyin içinde gelişim ve yayılımını bir bilgisayar modeli ile araştırmaktadır. Bu modelin tedavide bir yardımcı yol gösterici araç olarak kullanılmasını ummaktadır [1]. 

Swanson ve arkadaşlarına göre diğer başka klinik ve patolojik bilgi olmaksızın tümör hücrelerinin yayılım (D) ve çoğalma (rho) etki yerlerinin tedavide tam olarak tanımlama ve etkileşmesinin matematiksel model sayesinde tam olarak gerçek ve tahmini (sanal) yaşam sürelerinin uyumu bu matematiksel modelin yeteri kadar gerçeği yansıttığını düşündürür [2].

Son 10 yıl içinde , özellikle solid tümörlerde olmak üzere kanser gelişimi ile ilgili artan sayıda karmaşık matematiksel modeller geliştirildi. Bu solid tümörlerden farklı olarak hücre çoğalması yanı sıra hücresel motilite artışı ile invasyon özelliği de olan gliomlar için ayrıca bir modelleme gereğini düşünen Swanson ve arkadaşları yaptıkları araştırmalar sonucu yayılımın bu tümörlerde doğrusal olduğu ve 10 kata kadar ulaştığı kanısına vardılar ve düşük dereceli gliomlar için 4mm/yıl, yüksek dereceli gliomlar içinse 3mm/aya varan büyüme hızı saptadılar. [3,4].

 

 

Kaynaklar

1.Swanson K: Predicting the path of cancer cells.  A&S Perspectives. Summer 1999. WEB-LINK

2. Swanson KR, Rostomily RC, Alvord EC Jr: A mathematical modelling tool for predicting survival of individual patients following resection of glioblastoma: a proof of principle. Br J Cancer. 2008 Jan 15;98(1):113-9.

3.Swanson KR, Bridge C, Murray JD, Alvord EC Jr:Virtual and real brain tumors: using mathematical modeling to quantify glioma growth and invasion. J Neurol Sci. 2003 Dec 15;216(1):1-10.

4. Murray JD: Growth and control of Brain tumours In.:Mathematical Biology Vol 2:Spatial Models and Biomedical Applications 3rd Ed., Springer, 2002, pp. 536-605

 

 

 

 

 

Prof. Dr. Nezih Oktar 

editor@jns.dergisi.org 

From "J Neurol Sci [Turk]" editorial 

 

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AWARDS

FIRST KAVLI PRIZES. Researchers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Sweden have won inaugural $1 million prizes from the Kavli Foundation. The awards are for accomplishments in nanoscience, neuroscience, and astrophysics, fields that Norwegian-born philanthropist Fred Kavli wants to boost.

Louis Brus of Columbia University and Sumio Iijima of Meijo University in Nagoya, Japan, win the nanoscience prize: Brus for his work on nanocrystal semiconductors and Iijima for his research on carbon nanotubes. Maarten Schmidt of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and Donald Lynden-Bell of the University of Cambridge in the U.K. share the astrophysics prize for work related to quasars. And Sten Grillner of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, Pasko Rakic of Yale University School of Medicine, and Thomas Jessell of Columbia University are co-winners of the neuroscience prize: Grillner for spelling out how patterns of neuronal circuitry affect locomotion and Rakic and Jessell for work on how neurons develop in the embryonic brain and spinal cord, respectively.

From "Science" 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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THREE Q'S

Figure 1
CREDIT: GEORG DUJMIC/I.S.T. AUSTRIA
VIENNA, AUSTRIA--On a visit here last week, Nobelist Eric Kandel attended the debut of In Search of Memory, a film about his life and work, dined with Austrian President Heinz Fischer, and urged officials to rename a boulevard that bears the name of a 19th century mayor known for his anti-Semitic views. Kandel, who fled Nazi-controlled Austria in 1938 at the age of 9, is now a member of the newly built Institute of Science and Technology Austria.

Q: How did Austria lure you back?
Of course, I had distrust of the Viennese. The Catholics here nearly took my life. Unlike Germany, where they've confronted their [anti-Semitic] history very transparently, Austria has never dealt with it. I remember a Viennese woman said to me at the time, in a very typical comment, "You know, they weren't all bad." So when I won the Nobel, I stuck it to the Austrians by saying that it was certainly not an Austrian Nobel; it was a Jewish-American Nobel. After that, I got a call from the [former] Austrian president [Thomas Klestil], asking me, "How can we make things right?"

Q: What are your goals here?
First, Doktor-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed. Lueger was mayor of Vienna [1897 to 1910] and a notorious anti-Semite. Hitler even cited him in Mein Kampf. The fact that the University of Vienna is on this street is offensive. Second, I would like to see the Jewish intellectual community brought back to Vienna. There need to be scholarships for Jewish students and researchers.

Q: Who will pay for it?
I'm talking to a private donor. Public money, private money, … I don't care. The Jewish community here was incredibly vibrant. Imagine bringing that back. Wouldn't it be nice?

 

 From "Science" 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Banking on Europe's Biobanks

Europe urgently needs to coordinate its biobanks, according to a report released 27 May by the European Science Foundation (ESF). Several European countries have "an enormously rich resource" of tissue samples and health records stretching back decades, the report says, but varying standards and regulations prevent scientists from combining different collections. ESF calls for harmonizing sample storage and record keeping and for countries to draw up laws and regulations that make international collaborations possible.

Earlier this year, the European Union awarded €5 million to the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI), which aims to integrate Europe's existing biobanks into a single network. That's an important first step, says Frank Skorpen of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, cochair of ESF's expert group, but ultimately much larger sums will be needed. To attract sustained funding, says Kurt Zatloukal of the Medical University of Graz in Austria, coordinator of BBMRI, researchers need to estimate the economic impact of a pan-European biobank. "We need to quantify the potential return on investment."

From "Science" 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Well

Experts Revive Debate Over Cellphones and Cancer

By TARA PARKER-POPE

What do brain surgeons know about cellphone safety that the rest of us don’t?

Last week, three prominent neurosurgeons told the CNN interviewer Larry King that they did not hold cellphones next to their ears. “I think the safe practice,” said Dr. Keith Black, a surgeon at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, “is to use an earpiece so you keep the microwave antenna away from your brain.”

Stuart Bradford

 

Dr. Vini Khurana, an associate professor of neurosurgery at the Australian National University who is an outspoken critic of cellphones, said: “I use it on the speaker-phone mode. I do not hold it to my ear.” And CNN’s chief medical correspondent, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, a neurosurgeon at Emory University Hospital, said that like Dr. Black he used an earpiece.

Along with Senator Edward M. Kennedy’s recent diagnosis of a glioma, a type of tumor that critics have long associated with cellphone use, the doctors’ remarks have helped reignite a long-simmering debate about cellphones and cancer.

That supposed link has been largely dismissed by many experts, including the American Cancer Society. The theory that cellphones cause brain tumors “defies credulity,” said Dr. Eugene Flamm, chairman of neurosurgery at Montefiore Medical Center.

According to the Food and Drug Administration, three large epidemiology studies since 2000 have shown no harmful effects. CTIA — the Wireless Association, the leading industry trade group, said in a statement, “The overwhelming majority of studies that have been published in scientific journals around the globe show that wireless phones do not pose a health risk.”

---read more---

 

From "The New York Times" 

 

 

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An interesting inter-net video concerning cell-phone and pop-corn!

http://video/telephone-portable-mais-popcorn.html 

It is an hoax.

Physicist Debunks Cellphone Popcorn Viral Videos

YouTube videos that show a group of friends apparently cooking kernels of popcorn with their cellphones have been viewed more than a million times since they were uploaded last week.

The clever parlor trick (see embedded clip) looks amazing enough, but there's a hitch: It's not physically possible, according to University of Virginia physics professor Louis Bloomfield.

"[The videos] are cute," said Bloomfield in a phone conversation Monday. "But that's never gonna happen."

Read more...

I'm sure that somebody, somewhere will believe what they see and use it as further evidence for the War on Radio Frequencies. We're more interested in just how this trick was really done. How do these guys get the popcorn to pop? A heater under the table?

Read more...
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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QUANTIFYING JOURNAL COSTS

The real cost of communicating scientific research worldwide--including publishing, distributing, and reading journals--is about $115 billion, according to a report from the U.K.-based Research Information Network (RIN). Of that, $3.7 billion is spent in the form of time donated by peer reviewers.

The figures are based on cost and salary information from publishers and libraries. The group concluded that the United Kingdom is more than doing its bit. It has 3.3% of the world's researchers, but they're shouldering 8.7% of the worldwide cost of peer review. And U.K. publishers put out more than 20% of the world's scientific literature.

The average cost of producing a scientific article is roughly $8000, RIN estimates, and there are limited ways of shaving costs. If 90% of their material appeared only online, publishers would save $2.1 billion on printing and distribution. And getting authors to pay for publication would save publishers and libraries $1 billion. The bulk of the overall price tag represents consumption: Academics devote an estimated $66 billion worth of their time to reading articles.

From "Science" 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Brain's adventure centre located

Woman pointing
Opting for the new may have an evolutionary benefit

Scientists have located a region of the brain that encourages humans to indulge in adventurous behaviour.

Sophisticated scans showed the region, located in a primitive area of the brain, is activated when people choose unfamiliar options.

The researchers believe this suggests that taking a chance is an ancient human trait that may have given humans an evolutionary advantage.

The University College London study features online in the journal Neuron.

 
It makes sense to try new options as they may prove advantageous in the long run
Dr Bianca Wittmann
University College London

The research took place at UCL's Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging.

Volunteers were shown a selection of images with which they had already been made familiar.

Each card had a unique probability of reward attached to it and, over the course of the experiment, the volunteers would be able to work out which selection would provide the highest rewards.

However, when unfamiliar images were introduced the researchers found that volunteers were more likely to take a chance and select one of these options than continue with their familiar - and arguably safer - option.

Using fMRI scanners, which measure blood flow in the brain to highlight which areas are most active, the researchers showed that when the subjects selected an unfamiliar option an area of the brain known as the ventral striatum lit up, indicating that it was more active.

The ventral striatum is in one of the evolutionarily primitive regions of the brain - suggesting that the process can be advantageous and will be shared by many animals.

Lead researcher Dr Bianca Wittmann said: "Seeking new and unfamiliar experiences is a fundamental behavioural tendency in humans and animals.

"It makes sense to try new options as they may prove advantageous in the long run.

"For example, a monkey who chooses to deviate from its diet of bananas, even if this involves moving to an unfamiliar part of the forest and eating a new type of food, may find its diet enriched and more nutritious."

Potential for exploitation

The researchers believe that making a new choice that turns out to be beneficial stimulates release of mood-changing chemicals such as dopamine, which make it more likely that we will continue to be adventurous in the future.

However, the researchers said that making new choices was often a fruitful strategy and also potentially made us more vulnerable to exploitation - for instance by the advertising industry.

Dr Wittmann said: "I might have my own favourite choice of chocolate bar, but if I see a different bar repackaged, advertising its 'new, improved flavour', my search for novel experiences may encourage me to move away from my usual choice.

"This introduces the danger of being sold 'old wine in a new skin' and is something that marketing departments take advantage of."

Professor Nathaniel Daw, now at New York University, who also worked on the study, said rewarding the brain for novel choices could have a more serious side effect.

"In humans, increased novelty-seeking may play a role in gambling and drug addiction, both of which are mediated by malfunctions in dopamine release."

Professor Seth Grant, of the University of Cambridge's Sanger Institute, said the ability to recognise novelty pre-dated the evolution of the striatum, as it had been identified in primitive invertebrates, such as the octopus, which do not have the structure.

However, he said it was probable that the striatum had helped more sophisticated species, including man, to refine the ability.

From "BBC" 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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JNS Turk  special report

Who is reading  

'JNS Turk Newsletter' ?

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Total of 4000 visitors from 102+ countries.

  From 'Statcounter.com"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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From "eScience News.com"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

195.gif (847 bytes)DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS

 


 

From "Medecins Sans Frontieres / Doctors without Borders"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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195.gif (847 bytes)Cutaneous fields of peripheral nerves

 a graphical demonstration of the cutaneous fields of peripheral nerves.

http://www.neuroguide.com/nerveindex.html 

From "Neuroguide.com"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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MOST CITED & FOR OUR READERS' REQUEST: 

195.gif (847 bytes)The cell as animated by the Harvard University

http://aimediaserver.com/studiodaily/harvard/harvard.swf 

 This is an extraordinary animation of recently found citokines movements on actins and RNA dominating protein synthesis.

From "Harvard University"

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195.gif (847 bytes)FORTHCOMING ALL OTHER MEETINGS

 

 
195.gif (847 bytes)CALENDAR OF EVENTS / 

KONGRE TAKVIMI

 

2008  

 

July

 2008 Mid-Year Meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society  July 2-5, 2008 Buones Aires / Argentina  E-mail: ins@osu.edu  International Neuropsychological Society, 700 Ackerman Road, Suite 625, Columbus, Ohio 43202 US

ger.gif (589 bytes) International Sonothrombolysis Conference : ISC 2008 July 4-5, 2008 Rosengarten Congress Center / Mannheim / Heidelberg / Germany Web-Site: www.sonothrombolysis2008.com

 EACR 20 - 20th Meeting of the European Society for Cancer Research  July 5-8, 2008 Lyon / France  E-mail: EACR20@fecs.be  WEB-SITE: http://www.eacr.org/ 

ger.gif (589 bytes) CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION PROJECT: 23rd International Course on Clinical Neurosurgery July 5-8, 2008 INI / Hannover / Germany Web-Site: http://www.ini-hannover.de/en/home.html 

 15th International Meeting on Advanced Spine Techniques : IMAST 2008  July 8-11, 2008 The Hong Kong Convention & Exhibition Center / Hong Kong  WEB-SITE: http://www.imastonline.com/ 

  Society for Neuroendocrinology (SBN) 2008 Annual Meeting July 9-12, 2008 Rotterdam / The Netherlands E-mail: info@sbn.org Society for Neuroendocrinology, 1100 E. Woodfield Road, Suite 520, Schaumburg, IL 60173

  World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Spine Workshop: Cervical Athroplasty and Stabilization July 12-13, 2008 Surabaya / East Java / Indonesia E-mail: nssbaya@gmail.com 

 FENS Forum 2008: Federation of European Neuroscience Societies Forum 2008 July 12-16, 2008 Geneva / Switzerland Organizers: FENS Office Berlin Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Robert-Rössle- Str. 10 13092 Berlin, Germany Tel.: +49 30 9406 3336 Fax:  +49 30 9406 3819 e-mail: gibson@mdc-berlin. de  a.buchheister@ mdc-berlin. de WEB-SITE: http://fens.mdc-berlin.de/ 

ger.gif (589 bytes) Genetics: Understanding Living Systems: XX International Congress of Genetics 2008 July 12-17, 2008 International Congress Center (ICC) / Berlin / Germany Organizers: Rudi Balling (HZI Braunschweig, Germany), Alfred Nordheim (Tuebingen University, Germany), Charles Langley (University of California Davis, USA) WEB-SITE: http://www.nature.com/natureconferences/icg2008/index.html  

ger.gif (589 bytes) Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum July 13-17, 2008 Munich / Germany Contact: Juliane Heinicke, c/o CPO HANSER SERVICE Email:  cinp@cpo-hanser.de  Website:  http://www.cinp2008.com

 First Turkish Neuroscience Society (TUBAS) Social Meeting in Europe; at FENS Forum 2008: Federation of European Neuroscience Societies Forum 2008 July 14, 2008 18:30 Bar/Lounge / Crowne Plaza Hotel / Geneva / Switzerland Contact: Prof Gonul Peker gonul.peker@ ege.edu.tr

ger.gif (589 bytes) XXIX International Congress of Psychology July 20-25, 2008 International Congress Centrum / Munich / Germany Email:  cpo@icp2008.org  Website:  http://www.icp2008.org

 2nd International Congress of Egyptian Cerebro-Cardio-Vascular Association (ECCVA) in Collaboration with World Stroke Organization (WSO) July 23-25, 2008 Alexandria / Egypt Contact: Prof Nabil Kitchener Email: nabilkitchener@consultant.com WEB-SITE: http://www.eccvc2008.com/ 

usa.gif (1070 bytes) UCSF Napa Course 2008: Annual post-graduate course  July 26-31, 2008 Silverado Resort and Golf Club / Napa Valley / CA / USA Contact: For more information, please contact: Sean Kirklen
email: KirklenS@ocme.ucsf.edu 

usa.gif (1070 bytes) International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease ICAD 2008  July 26-31, 2008 McCormick Place / Chicago / IL / USA Contact: icad@alz.org  WEB-SITE: http://www.alz.org/icad 

usa.gif (1070 bytes) Sporadic Neurodegeneration Symposium   July - August 1, 2008 The Fairmont Copley Plaza / 138 St. James Avenue / Boston / Massachusetts / USA Contact: http://www.biosymposia.org/ 

 

August

 Recent Trends in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome: A conference by JAMA and the National University Health System of Singapore  August 1-2, 2008 University Cultural Centre on the NUS campus / Singapore Contact: http://www.jama-nus.com/ 

usa.gif (1070 bytes) The Summer Institute on Neurodevelopmental Disorders  August 7-8, 2008 Sacramento / CA / USA Contact: Continuing Medical Education Office, 3560 Business Drive, Suite 130, Sacramento, CA 95820 E-mail: cmereg@ucdavis.edu 

  Neuropathic pain: NeuPSIG August 13-15, 2008 Royal Society of Medicine / London / England / UK Website: http://www.kenes.com/neuropathic2008/  

  12th World Congress on Pain   August 17-22, 2008 SECC / Glasgow / Scotland/ UK Website: http://www.iasp-pain.org/AM/=1843 

  XXIInd International Conference of the European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare August 20-23, 2008 Tartu / Estonia / The Netherlands Email:  b.gordijn@efg.umcn.nl  Website:  http://www.umcn.nl/efg

  12th Congress of the European Federation of Neurological Societies: EFNS 2008   August 23-26, 2008 Madrid / Spain E-mail: headoffice@efns.org  WEB-SITE: http://efns2008.efns.org/ 

  Clinical Trials: ICH GCP meeting   August 27-28, 2008 Kiev / Ukraine E-mail: dr@nbscience.com  WEB-SITE: http://www.nbscience.com/  

  40º Congreso Argentino de Neurocirugia   August 27-28, 2008 Hotel Park Hyatt / Mendoza / Argentina E-mail: neurocirugia@aanc.org.ar  - secretaria@aanc.org.ar 

 

September

  Stem cell Europe   September 1-3, 2008  Amsterdam / Netherlands WEB SITE: http://www.selectbiosciences.com/conferences/SCE2008/ 

tur.gif (589 bytes) 10th International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience : ICON 2008 September 1-5, 2008 Azka Hotel / Bodrum / Mugla / Turkey  Contact: http://www.iconxbodrum.org/ 

  5th Congress of the Croatian Neurosurgical Society and the Joint Meeting with the Congress of Neurological Surgeons   September 2-5, 2008  Hotel Excelsior / Dubrovnik / Croatia WEB SITE: www.studiohrg.hr/neurosurgery2008 

  6th International Congress on Autoimmunity September 3-7, 2008 Centro de Congressos e Exposições / Porto / Portugal Email:  autoimmunity@kenes.com  Website:  http://www.kenes.com/autoimmunity/

usa.gif (1070 bytes) Sixth International Congress on
Meningiomas and Cerebral Venous System
September 3-6, 2008 John B. Hynes Veterans Memorial Convention Center / Boston / Massachusetts / USA
WEB-SITE: www.TheMeningiomaConference2008.org . To submit an abstract, please visit the Abstract Center.

  DePuy Spine: Instructional course: Lumbar degenerative spine   September 4-5, 2008  Barcelona / Spain Email: DePuySpine@dpygb.jnj.com  

usa.gif (1070 bytes) Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery of the cranial base and pituitary fossa 2008: Course  September 4-6, 2008 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center / Pittsburg / Pennsylvania / USA Contact: http://www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu/training/endoscopic_course.html 

  EANO VIII : European Association for NeuroOncology Congress September 4-11, 2008  Barcelona / Spain WEB-SITE:: http://www.eano.de

 9th Annual Interventional Neuroradiology Symposium September 5-6, 2008 Toronto / ON / Canada  Contact: Office of Continuing Education & Professional Development E-mail: help-MIM0804@cmetoronto.ca 

  14th World Congress of Psychophysiology September 8-13, 2008  St. Petersburg / Russia WEB-SITE: http://www.world-psychophysiology.org/iop2008/ 

 ExpoMedical 2008 September 11-13, 2008 Buenos Aires / Argentina  WEB-SITE: http://www.expomedical.com.ar 

 5th International Skull Base Congress of the World Federation of Skull Base Societies & the 19th Annual Meeting of the North American Skull Base Society September 11-14, 2008 Hyatt Regencey / Vancouver / Canada  

usa.gif (1070 bytes) American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine Annual Meeting  September 17-20, 2008 Rhode Island Convention Center / Providence / RI / USA Contact: Shelly Hansen, 421 First Ave SW, Ste 300E, Rochester, MN 55902 Email:  aanem@aanem.org  Website:  http://www.aanem.org

  DePuy Spine: Instructional course: Cervical spine   September 18-19, 2008  Barcelona / Spain Email: DePuySpine@dpygb.jnj.com  

usa.gif (1070 bytes) Seventh Annual International Neuro-Oncology Updates; The John Hopkins Medicine  September 18-19, 2008 Baltimore Marriott Waterfront Hotel / Baltimore / Maryland /  USA Online: http://www.HopkinsCME.edu  Email: cmenet@jhmi.edu  

 5th Meeting of the Central European Neurosurgical Society September 18-20, 2008 Conference Center / Penta Renaissance Hotel / Vienna, / Austria  For further information: http://www.cens2008.com/ 

 5th Atlantic Canada Stroke Conference September 19-20, 2008 Halifax / NS / Canada  Email: cme@dal.ca 

usa.gif (1070 bytes) 133rd Annual Meeting American Neurological Association  September 21-24, 2008 Salt Lake City / UT / USA Contact: American Neurological Asso